As part of the Visual Timeline series
1618: Thirty Years War (1618-1648) begins; primarily Catholic vs Protestants, France vs England; Habsburgs fails to restore Catholic dominance against Protestant princes
1648: Peace of Westphalia. Balance of power
1649: English Civil War (1642-1649) ends with Parliament victory over Charles I
1654: First Anglo-Dutch War (1652-1654), effectively stalemate; trade war beginning with England passing Navigation Act of 1651 mandating all goods from American colonies be carried by English ships
1660:
– Dutch/Dano-Swedish War (1657-1660): Denmark-Dutch alliance defeat Sweden to lower tolls on profitable Baltic trade routes
– Charles II restores monarchic absolutism in England
1667: Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665-1667) ends with Dutch victory. Another trade war. Dutch golden age begins.
1678: Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678) and Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672-1674): Dutch (allied with Holy Roman Empire and Spain) repel France-England invasion but at great cost
1688: Glorious Revolution in England; limiting absolute monarchy and relocating to Parliament; Catholic James II Stuart replaced by his daughter Queen Mary II and her Dutch Protestant husband William III of Orange.
1701: War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) starts
1704: England-Holland-Austrian Habsburg (under British commander Marlborough) defeat France-Bavaria at Battle of Blenheim (War of Spanish Succession)
1714: War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) ends. France-Spain vs England-Austria-Dutch. French heir Philip V takes Spanish throne but with many concessions (Spain gives up territory in Italy and Belgium to Austria, as well as Gibraltar to England; France gives England and Netherlands colonial trade concessions); French and Spanish power erode while Britain rises.
1720:
– War of Quadruple Alliance (1718-1720); Britain-France-Austria-Dutch defeat Spain as they attempt to recover losses from 1713 Peace of Utrecht
– South Sea Bubble in Britain, Mississippi Bubble in France.
1735: War of Polish Succession (1733-1735); England-Spain-Dutch-HolyRomanEmpire coalition to halt French expansionism; Poland falls under dominion of Austria and Russia
1748: War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748); Prussia (allied with France, Spain, and other German states) invades Austria (allied with Britain, Dutch, Russia), supporting German princes’ territorial ambitions against Austria
1763: Anglo-Prussian victory over France-Habsburg-Saxony-Russia-Spanish in Seven Years War (1756-1763)
1784: Fourth Anglo-Dutch War ends in British victory (1780-1784); British retaliate for Dutch supporting American Revolution; fighting occurs globally (North Sea, India, Indonesia, Caribbean).
1789: French Revolution begins as Bastille prison is stormed
1792: France defeats Prussia-Austria invasion; Napoleonic Wars begin (War of First Coalition 1792-1797)
1795: Revolutionary France conquers mainland Dutch empire; setting up puppet Batavian Republic
1804: Napoleon crowns himself emperor
1814:
– Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba island
– Netherlands established
1815:
– (Mar-Jul) Hundred Days War (War of Seventh Coalition); Allies war on returned Napoleon
– (Jun 18th) Britain-Prussia defeats Napoleon at Battle of Waterloo; under Duke of Wellington; Napoleon exiled to St Helena; monarchy re-established in France
– Congress of Vienna:
Pax Britannica.
[map of territorial changes]
1839: Belgian Revolution (1830-1839) ends with Belgium and Luxembourg gaining independence from post-Napoleonic Netherlands
https://www.vox.com/2015/4/14/8396477/maps-explain-civil-war
See also: