“Russia: Never as Strong as She Appears, or Weak as She Seems”
1917: (Nov) Bolshevik Revolution
1918: (Mar) Brest-Litovsk treaty: Amidst Civil War (1918-1922), Bolshevik Russia gives up vast amounts of Eastern European territory
1919: (Jun) Treaty of Versailles
1921: Poland wins Polish-Soviet War (Feb19-Mar21)
1922: (Dec) Soviet Union established; as Bolsheviks win civil war against Britain-France-Japan-US supported White Russians.
1924: (Jan) Lenin dies of stroke; Stalin emerges
1928: 1st Five Year Plan
1933: Terror Famine (1932-1933): Millions die in Ukraine and central Asia due to Stalin’s failed collectivized agriculture experiments since 1929.
1934: Stalin’s Great Purge
1939:
(Aug) Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact; Molotov-Ribbentrop
(Nov) Soviet Union invades Finland
1940:
(Mar) Soviet Union wins Winter War against Finland but at great cost
(Jun) Nazis capture Paris
(Jul) Soviet Union captures baltic states
1941:
(Jun) Operation Barbarossa begins: Germany invades Soviet Union
Battle of Leningrad (Sep41-Jan44) begins.
1942:
1943:
– German Sixth Army defeated at Battle of Stalingrad (Sep42-Feb43)
(Jul) Soviets repel major German offensive at Battle of Kursk; largest tank battle in history
1944: Soviet Union pushes into Eastern Europe
(Jun) D-Day: Allies land in Normandy
1945:
(Apr) Soviets reach Berlin
(May) Germany surrenders
(Aug) Soviet Union declares war on Japan and begins invasion of Manchuria and Korea; 2 days after Hiroshima
(Sep) WW2 ends with Japanese unconditional surrender
1946:
(Mar) Churchill delivers “iron curtain” speech.
Soviet Union leaves Iran.
1947: AK-47 goes into production
1948: Communist coup in Czechoslovakia
1949: Soviet Union becomes nuclear armed. Berlin blockade abandoned after Berlin Airlift (1948-1949).
(Oct) Mao establishes People’s Republic of China
1950:
(Feb) Mao and Stalin sign Treaty
(Jun) Soviet-backed North Korea starts Korean War (Jun50-Jul53)
1953:
(Mar) Stalin dies; succeeded by Khruschev
(Jul) Armistice ends Korean War (1950-1953)
East German uprising suppressed
1954: Communist Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu
1955:
– West Germany regains sovereignty from Allies and joins NATO
– Warsaw Pact (May1955-July1991) between Soviet Union and Central Eastern Europe in reaction
– CENTO/MENTO/Baghdad pact (Feb1955-Mar1979) est between Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, UK to contain Soviet Union
1956: Khruschev begins de-Stalinization.
– Revolts in Hungary and Poznan protests suppressed
(Jun) Nasser becomes Egyptian president; bringing Egypt away from West and closer to Soviet Union. Suez Crisis (Nov56-May57).
1957: (Oct) Soviet Union launches first artificial satellite Sputnik; onboard is dog Laika, (Nov) first animal to orbit Earth
1959: Castro leads Cuban Revolution
1960: Soviet Union shifts from being ally to enemy of China
1961: East Germany erects Berlin Wall. Bay of Pigs failed landings in Cuba.
1962:
(Oct) Cuban Missile Crisis: Kennedy US and Khrushchev Soviet Union almost go to nuclear war.
Sino-Indian War over Himalayan border disputes; China breaks off diplomatic relations with Soviet Union for supporting IndiaÂ
1963: Khruschev replaced by Brezhnev. Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
(Nov) US president JFK assassinated.
1965:
(Mar) First US combat troops land in Danang, Vietnam
(Aug) Second Indo-Pak Kashmir War is stalemate; India drifts closer to Soviet Union, Pakistan closer to China.Â
1967: Israel wins Six Day War. Soviet Union supports Arab nations while West backs Israel.
1968:
(Jan) Tet Offensive in Vietnam
(Aug) Prague Spring movement in Czechoslovakia suppressed
1971:
(Aug) US president Nixon announces USD no longer convertible to gold
1972:
(Feb) Nixon visits China spooking Soviet Union and Vietnam.
(Aug) Sadat expels Soviet advisers; aligning Egypt closer to West.
1973: OPEC oil embargo on West.
1975:
(Apr) Fall of Saigon / Vietnam reunification. Pol Pot communist Khmer Rouge regime est in Cambodia (ends in 1979 with Vietnam invasion)
1976: Mao dies.
1978: Soviet-backed coup in Afghanistan
1979:
(Dec) Soviet Union invades Afghanistan; establishes communist puppet government; US-UK-Pakistan-Iran-SaudiArabia-China back mujahideen in guerilla war (Soviet-Afghan War, Dec79 – Feb89)
1985: Gorabachev takes office; perestroika and glasnost reforms
1986: Chernobyl disaster
1987: (Dec) US and Soviet Union sign Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
1989:
(Feb) Soviet Union withdraws from Afghanistan
Hungary democratic elections
(Jun) Poland democratic elections
(Sep) Hungary opens borders to Austria; many Eastern Bloc citizens flee to West
(Nov 9th) fall of Berlin wall; East Germans cross over to West
(Nov-Dec) Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia; non-violent transition from communism
Romania dictator Nicole Casseu ousted after 29 years in power
1990:
(Feb) Marxist Sandinistas lose power in Nicaraguan elections
(Jul) West German chancellor meets Gorbachev, offering financial aid to tolerate German reunification under NATO
(Aug) Iraq invades Kuwait, with condemnation from the world inc from Soviet Union
(Oct) Germany reunified. Lithuania independence.
Bosnian War; Slovenia, Crotia, Bosnia-Herzegovina break away from Yugoslavia
Poland elects first president; Lech Walesa
1991:
(Jan-Feb) Gulf War
(Aug) failed military coup accelerates Gorbachev resignation
(Dec 25th) Gorbachev resigns and announces dissolution of Soviet Union into 15 states.
(Dec 26th) Soviet Union dissolved; Russian federation established
Putin leaves KGB, becomes deputy mayor of St Petersburg, gains oligarch and mafia support
1990:
(Jul) West German chancellor meets Soviet president Gorbachev, offering him financial aid to tolerate German reunification under NATO
(Oct) Germany reunified
Economy plummets in 90s
1991:Â
– (Aug) Failed military coup in Russia accelerates Gorbachev resignation
– (Dec 25th) Gorbachev resigns and announces dissolution of Soviet Union into 15 states.
– (Dec 26th) Soviet Union dissolved; Russian federation established
– Putin leaves KGB, becomes deputy mayor of St Petersburg, gains oligarch and mafia support
1992: Mujahideen forces removes Soviet-backed government in Afghanistan; and establish Islamic State government; but instability ensues.
1994: Muslin separatist violence in Chechnya
1998:
(Aug) Russian Financial Crisis: defaults on its bonds
(Sep) New Russian PM Primakov stabilizes collapsing ruble, and carries out major tax reform; but dismissed by president Yeltsin in May99.
1999:
– (Aug) Yeltsin appoints ex-KGB Putin to become Russia PM to suppress Chechnyan uprising.
Eastern European nations join NATO.
– (Aug) Chechen rebel bombings in Russia; Putin vows revenge and gains popularity; Chechnya wars bring it back under Russia’s control
-(Dec) Yeltsin resigns making Putin interim president; Putin wins election in Mar00
2000: Putin elected Russian president.
2003:
(Mar) Last nationwide independent TV channel in Russia is axed.
(Sep) Kyrgyzstan grants Russia its first military base abroad to counter terrorism.
(Oct) 1st gen Russian oil oligarch Khordorkovsky arrested as Putin further consolidates power (trial again in Dec10)
2004:
– 10 former Soviet satellites join EU
– Beslan Chechnyan attacks followed by Putin further centralizing power
2005: Russia and Iran sign deal; Russia will supply fuel for nuclear reactor.
2008:
(Mar) Putin-loyal Medvedev wins presidential election as Putin cannot serve third consecutive term; Putin appointed as PM.
(Aug) Russia invades Georgia, supporting separatists
2009: (Feb) $25b Russia-China deal; Russia supplies oil for next 20 years; China supplies loans.
2012: Putin re-elected president for third term
2014:
(Feb-May) Russia annexes Crimea from Ukraine amidst protests; sanctions imposed on Russia by West; biggest Russia-West conflict since Cold War.
Russia increases weapons deals with India (40% Russia’s military exports go to India in 2020)
2016: Russia backs Assad in Syrian Civil War
2022:
(Apr) Russia invades Ukraine
2023:
(Jun) Wagner Group debacle
Additional reference:
Faces of political leadership
Ethnic diversity in the empire
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See also: